Current Happenings ENVS News

The transition to sustainable energy sources has become imperative due to the exhaustion of conventional resources caused by excessive use and their detrimental impact on the environment. Currently, alternative energy sources, such as solar, wind, nuclear, tidal, and geothermal energy, hydro have been introduced. Over the last few decades, focus has shifted to the use of hydrogen energy as a promising alternative to traditional power sources in almost all sectors requiring energy applications.

However, a major challenge holding back their widespread use is the high cost and limited performance of a key component called the catalyst layer (CL). This layer is responsible for speeding up the chemical reaction that generates electricity, but it typically requires a large amount of platinum, a rare and expensive metal and often has a thick, disordered structure that reduces efficiency.

This research, titled “Towards Next-Generation proton exchange membrane fuel Cells: The role of nanostructured catalyst layers” led by Dr. Narayanamoorthy Bhuvanendran, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, was published in the Q1 Journal, Chemical Engineering Journal, with an Impact Factor of 13.4. The paper focuses on designing advanced nanostructured catalyst layers that are thinner, more organised, and use much less platinum. These next-generation CLs can help fuel cells perform better, last longer, and become more affordable.

The study reviews recent progress in this field, highlights innovative methods for creating these new structures, and outlines future directions to improve their practicality and environmental impact. Ultimately, this work aims to bring us closer to clean, efficient, and widely accessible fuel cell technology.

Fuel cells offer clean energy with zero emissions when using hydrogen, and higher energy efficiency than diesel or gas engines. Among them, Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) are one of the most promising technologies. PEMFCs produce only water as a byproduct, making them a clean energy alternative to fossil fuels.

Abstract:
Catalyst layer (CL) is the major component of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and routinely fabricated by a catalyst ink-based processing method. Such conventional CLs typically confront low activity, unaffordable Pt loading, and severe mass transport issues due to the thick and disordered structure, hampering the widespread commercial application of PEMFCs.

Engineering of nanostructured CLs with low/ultralow Pt loading, ordered and/or ultrathin CLs, provides a highly promising pathway for overcoming these limitations. For the practical application of the nanostructured CLs in PEMFCs, this review comprehensively summarises and comments on the important research and development of nanostructured CLs over recent years, involving ordered electronic conductor-based CLs, ordered ionomer-based CLs, and ultrathin CLs.

The reviewed processes include

(i) analysing the motivation and necessity to design and fabricate nanostructured CLs based on the structure and mass transport process of conventional CLs,
(ii) scrutinising structure and composition, preparation methods, advantages, as well as
some feasible strategies for the remaining challenges of various nanostructured CLs in
detail,
(iii) the progress of single cell activity and durability of the nanostructured CLs. Finally, some perspectives on remaining challenges and future development of the nanostructured CLs are presented to guide the exploitation for the next-generation of advanced CLs of PEMFCs.

Practical implementations:

The practical objective of this study is to facilitate the development of more efficient, cost-effective, and durable proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) through the redesign of the catalyst layer utilising advanced nanostructures. This enhancement has the potential to substantially decrease dependence on costly platinum, reduce production expenses, and enhance the overall performance of fuel cells.

In terms of societal impact, this research contributes to the transition towards clean and sustainable energy systems, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution associated with conventional fossil fuels. By making fuel cell technology more accessible and scalable, particularly for transportation and portable power applications, it supports global initiatives to combat climate change and improve energy security for future generations.

Collaborations:
Prof. Huaneng Su, Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.

One of the major risks to the world’s ecosystems today is plastic pollution, it affects both the terrestrial and marine ecosystems alike. While India generates around 9.4 million tons of plastic annually, around 5.6 million tons are recycled, and the remaining 3.8 million tons goes uncollected or improperly disposed turning the country into a plastic pollution hotspot.

Addressing the existing gaps in understanding marine plastic and biodegradation which is the breakdown of these plastic materials by microorganisms, Dr Prasun Goswami, Assistant Professor, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, has recently published a research paper titled “Microplastics Under Siege: Biofilm-forming Marine Bacteria from the Micro Plastisphere and their Role in Plastic Degradation”. The paper was published in the Q1 journal, Science of the Total Environment, with an Impact Factor of 8.2.

Over a period of time plastic debris degrade into smaller pieces, eventually forming microplastics (less than 5mm) which are increasingly found in water sources, including drinking water, and pose a potential threat to human health and aquatic life. Some studies suggest that ingested microplastics may have negative health effects, including reproductive damage. Microbial biodegradation has been regarded as one of the effective ways to deal with plastic pollution.

Abstract

Microplastics, laden with toxins and microorganisms, threaten marine ecosystems by affecting both living organisms and environmental processes. This study explores the diversity and plastic-degrading potential of culturable bacteria colonizing microplastics collected from three coastal sites of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) was the most prevalent polymer identified in the plastic debris. Among 24 bacterial isolates screened, strain NIOT-MP-52 demonstrated the highest LDPE degradation efficiency (10.79%) which means breaking down the plastic and was subjected to detailed characterization. Analytical techniques (FT-IR, SEM, AFM, DSC) confirmed microbial degradation through surface alterations and thermal changes. The findings underscore the promising role of marine bacteria in biodegrading plastics, offering potential solutions for sustainable plastic waste management.

Practical Implementations of the Research

This research offers a sustainable solution to marine plastic pollution by identifying native bacteria capable of degrading low-density polyethylene (LDPE), a common plastic pollutant. The most efficient strain, NIOT-MP-52, showed significant potential for breaking down plastic, indicating its practical use in eco-friendly bioremediation systems like biofilters or wastewater treatment setups. Socially, this approach supports healthier marine ecosystems, reduces human exposure to microplastics, and encourages nature-based waste management strategies, potentially creating green jobs in coastal communities.

Collaborations

This research was originally carried out at the Atal Centre for Ocean Science and Technology for Islands, National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Sri Vijaya Puram, India. National Institute of Ocean Technology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India, Chennai, India.